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| Trademark Links |
 General Trademark Information
- United States Trademark Law -- An overview, from the Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.
- U.S. House of Representatives Internet Law Library -- Trademarks -- A collection of trademark links created for the U.S. House of Representatives Internet Law Library, and now archived by LawGuru.com. All About Trademarks appears in this collection.
- USPTO Trademark FAQ -- Frequently asked questions about trademarks and U.S. trademark applications, from the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
- Trademark Basics -- Fundamental information concerning marks, including a trademark FAQ, and links to current articles, published by INTA® -- the International Trademark Association
- Nolo's Legal Encyclopedia -- Trademarks and Copyrights --Basic trademark information (and more) from the Editors at Nolo Press.
- Trademarks and Business Goodwill -- An excellent discussion of what trademarks are; what trademarks are not; why marks are important, and how to choose a "good" mark, by Thomas G. Field, Jr., a Professor at the Franklin Pierce Law Center.
- The Intellectual Property Information Mall -- Trademark information shopping at the Franklin Pierce Law Center.
- Yahoo's Trademark List -- General trademark links, from the "list of lists."
- CataLaw's Trademark Law Links -- A collection of links regarding trademark, media, and advertising law, from CataLaw, a metaindex of law "catalogues" on theWeb.
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U.S. Federal Trademark Law And Practice
- The Lanham Act of 1946, as amended -- The complete U.S. Trademark Act, in hypertext form.
- U.S. Trademark Regulations -- The complete text of those portions of Title 37, Code of Federal Regulations, which pertain to marks, courtesy of theUnited States Patent and Trademark Office.
- Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act -- The Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act of 1998 (TLTIA), Pub. L. No. 105-330, 112 Stat. 3064 [15 U.S.C. §1051], modified the U.S. trademark laws, to reflect U.S. ratification of the Trademark Law Treaty (TLT). The modifications became effective on October 30, 1999. This document links to material concerning changes in U.S. trademark law and practice, resulting from the implementation of the TLT.
- Trademark Amendments Act of 1999 -- Congress passed this Act on January 6, 1999, revising U.S. trademark law to establish "dilution" as grounds for opposition and cancellation proceedings before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, and to provide other remedies for the dilution of famous marks. Note: This file is in Adobe Acrobat format, and you must have the Acrobat Reader to view it!
- Pending U.S. Trademark Legislation -- From "Thomas," at the Library of Congress.
- Recent U.S. Supreme Court Trademark Decisions -- Influential trademark thoughts!
- Trade Dress -- Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. -- The Supreme Court decision adding "trade dress" to our U.S. trademark family.
- Product Design Trade Dress -- Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc. -- The Supreme Court decision clarifying that product design trade dress is protectible as a mark only if the product design has acquired a "secondary meaning."
- Dilution -- Mosley v. V. Secret, Catalogue, Inc. -- The Supreme Court's attempt to clarify the prerequisites for trademark dilution, under the Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995.
- United States Patent and Trademark Office ("PTO") -- General trademark information; U.S. registration requirements; PTO contact information, and related material.
- Basic Facts About Registering a Trademark -- Registration fundamentals from the PTO.
- Patent and Trademark Office Fees Current fees applicable to U.S. trademark filings.
- International Trademark Classifications -- For purposes of registration, and administrative convenience, marks are grouped into "international classes," based on the types of goods or services to which they are applied. This link sets forth the international classification scheme. See also, http://www.wipo.int/classifications/en/, for an international perspective on trademark classification.
- Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual -- How should goods and services be described in U.S. trademark applications? This document provides answers, for U.S. applications. For an international perspective, see, http://classifications.wipo.int/fulltext/nice/enmn01.htm.
- Design Search Code Manual -- The PTO employs a numerical coding system to describe the appearance of design marks, such as marks including or comprising a logo. The codes, as set forth in this hypertext document, are indispensable in pre-filing clearance searches for design marks, or composite marks, featuring a logo.
- Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure The full text of the TMEP, from the PTO, in hyptertext form. The TMEP is used by Examining Attorneys to review an applicant's compliance with the Lanham Act and Trademark Regulations. [Third Edition, Revision 1].
- Exam Guide No. 3-99 -- This guide discusses changes in the examination of trademark applications resulting from the Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act of 1998 (TLTIA), Pub. L. No. 105-330, 112 Stat. 3064 [15 U.S.C. §1051].
- PTO Forms -- Forms for certain Patent and Trademark Office filings, in Adobe Acrobat format. Caveat: the PTO does not require that filings be made on "official" forms, and most trademark attorneys do not use them. The forms provided through this link are "boiler-plate" forms, which may not be tailored sufficiently to your trademark situation, to avoid an adverse Office Action.
- PTO Law Office Telephone Numbers -- Contact your assigned PTO Examiner. A more current telephone listing, which includes fax numbers, but not the names of Examining Attorneys, may be found here. A searchable employee locator is also available.
- TARR (USPTO Trademark Application and Registration Retrieval system) -- retrieve status information regarding registered and pending marks, from the PTO’s public database, by entering a valid application serial number or registration number.
- Feathers -- "Feathers" is a beta-test software program from Oppedahl & Larson LLP, through which one can monitor the status of U.S. trademark applications and registrations. Upon entering the trademark application and registration numbers you wish to monitor, "Feathers" will check the status, and display the findings on the screen, or email them to you.
- TESS (Trademark Electronic Search System) -- "TESS" is the PTO's online trademark searching system, containing more than 2.9 million records concerning registered, pending, and abandoned U.S. marks.
- TEAS -- The PTO accomodates the electronic filing of U.S. trademark applications, via "TEAS" -- the Trademark Electronic Application System. Applications may be prepared online; printed, and mailed to the PTO, using Prin-TEAS. Or, applications may be filed electronically via eTEAS, and paid for by credit card, electronic funds transfer, or PTO Deposit Account. Note: it is advisable to contact qualified trademark counsel before completing and filing a trademark application.
- ETAS (Electronic Trademark Assignment System) -- As of April 7, 2003, assignments affecting registered marks may be recorded online, via ETAS, the PTO's Electronic Trademark Assignment System.
- Trademark Official Gazette -- The five most recent issues of the PTO's Official Gazette for Trademarks are now accessible online. Follow your mark as it is published for opposition, monitor for the publication of confusingly similar marks, and download copies of newly-issued Certificates of Registration!
- Post-Registration Requirements -- Maintaining U.S. Registrations -- On October 30, 1999, a number of the requirements for maintaining U.S. trademark registrations changed, as a result of U.S. implementation of the Trademark Law Treaty. This document discusses the changes, and provides practice tips relating thereto.
- How to Obtain Trademark (and Copyright and Patent) Protection from the U.S. Customs Service -- information regarding the recordation of registered marks with U.S. Customs, from the Intellectual Property Branch of the U.S. Customs Service.
- Search the U.S. Customs Electronic Bulletin Board -- U.S. Customs maintains an online database, listing all trademarks (and patents) recorded with the Customs Office. This link provides a searching interface for the database, enabling trademark owners, and their attorneys, to determine whether a particular mark has been recorded..
- Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure -- Rules applicable to practice before the TTAB, in several formats.
- Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Information System Index -- Obtain historical and current status information for proceedings pending or adjudicated before the TTAB, through this online index, searchable by plaintiff's name, defendant's name, or proceeding number.
- Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Decision Summaries -- Summaries of final decisions issued by the TTAB, from 1996 to the present.
- Changes in TTAB Rules -- On October 9, 1998, the PTO amended certain of its rules pertaining to practice before the TTAB. This link sets forth the changes, with commentary.
- ADR in Trademark and Unfair Competition Disputes -- FAQS, and facts, regarding alternative dispute resolution in trademark conflicts, from INTA®, the International Trademark Association.
- The Patent and Trademark Depository Library Program -- Additional U.S. trademark information may be available, free of charge, at a library near you!
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U.S. State Trademark Laws and Databases
- Alaska Trademark Statutes -- Title 45, Chapter 50, of the Alaska Statutes, covering trademarks.
- Arizona Trademark Statutes -- Scroll down to Chapter 10, Art. 3, Section 44-1441 et seq., of Title 44, Arizona Revised Statutes, for a hypertext rendering of Arizona's trademark laws.
- Arkansas Trademark Law -- Chapter 71 of the Arkansas Code, encaptioned, "Trademarks and Labels."
- Arkansas Trademark Database -- A searchable database for Arkansas trademarks, provided by the Arkansas Secretary of State.
- California Trademark Law -- Sections 14200 through 14212 of the California Business & Professions Code, covering trademarks.
- Connecticut Trademark Law -- Title 35, Connecticut General Statutes, covering trademarks, trade names, collective marks, certification marks, and trade regulation.
- Florida Trademark Law -- Title 33, Chapter 495, Florida Revised Statutes, governing marks.
- Florida Trademark Database -- Search for marks registered in Florida, by name, courtesy of the Florida Department of State.
- Georgia Trademark Law -- Article 10-1-440 et seq., of the Official Code of Georgia, governing marks.
- Georgia Trademark Database -- Search the Georgia Secretary of State's Trademark Database, for information concerning registered marks.
- Idaho Trademark Law -- Title 48, Chapter 5, Idaho Statutes, covering the registration and protection of marks.
- Indiana Trademark Law -- Title 24, Art. 2 of the Indiana Code, concerning trademarks, trade names, and trade secrets.
- Indiana Trademark Database -- A searchable database of information concerning registered trademarks, courtesy of accessIndiana.
- Kansas Trademark Law -- Sections 81-201 through 81-220, Kansas Statutes, now govern the registration and protection of marks in Kansas. Unfortunately, one cannot access these Sections directly. Instead, visit the main page, and enter the desired Section number.
- Kentucky Trademark Law -- Title 29, Chapter 365, Kentucky Revised Statutes, governing trade practices, including the use of brands and labels. Note: This file is in .pdf format, and you must have the Adobe Acrobat Reader to view it!
- Louisiana Trademark Database -- A searchable database with information regarding Louisiana state trademark, service mark, and trade name registrations, sponsored by the Louisiana Secretary of State
- Louisiana Trademark Registration Form -- Louisiana trademark and service mark registration forms, from the Louisiana Secretary of State, Corporations Division. Note: The form is in Adobe Acrobat format, and you must have version 3.0, or higher, of the Acrobat Reader, to download it!
- Maine Trademark Law -- Title 10, Part 4, Chapter 301-A, §§ 10 § 1521-- 10 § 1532, governing the registration and protection of marks.
- Maryland Trademark Law -- Business Regulation Article, § 1-401 et seq, governing the registration and protection of marks in Maryland, from the Office of the Secretary of State
- Maryland Trademark Registration Form -- Forms for the registration of trademarks and service marks in Maryland, from the Office of the Secretary of State.
- Maryland Trademark Database -- A searchable database for trademarks and service marks registered in Maryland, from the Office of the Secretary of State
- Massachusetts Trademark Laws -- M.G.L. § 110B, governing trademark and service mark registration and protection, from the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Corporations Division.
- Massachussetts Trademark and Service Mark Registration Forms -- Forms for registering trademarks and service marks in Massachussetts, from the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Corporations Division
- Minnesota Trademark Law -- Section 333.001 et seq., of the Minnesota Statutes, covering trade names, marks, and insignia.
- Mississippi Trademark Law -- Title 75, Chapter 25 of the Mississippi Code of 1972, governing marks.
- Missouri Trademark Law -- Chapter 417 of the Missouri Revised Statutes, pertaining to trademarks.
- Montana Trademark Law -- Title 30, Chapter 13, Montana Revised Statutes, governing assumed business names, trademarks, and related rights.
- Nebraska Trademark Law -- The Nebraska Statutes page is currently undergoing a revision, and is generally inaccessible. Sections 87-111 through 87-125 of the Nebraska State Statutes pertain to the protection of marks. This link will be updated when the revision is complete.
- Nevada Trademark Law -- Chapter 600, Nevada Revised Statutes, covering trademarks, trade names, and service marks.
- New Hampshire Trademark Law -- Chapter 350A of New Hampshire's Revised Statutes, in hyptertext form.
- New Jersey Trademark Law -- Title 56 of New Jersey's Revised Statutes, governing trade names, trademarks, and unfair trade practices.
- New York Trademark Law -- Article 24 of the General Business Statutes contains the complete text of New York's trademark provisions.
- Ohio Trademark Law -- Title 13, Chapter 1329 et seq., Ohio Revised Code, entitled "Labels and Marks."
- Oklahoma Trademark Law -- Title 78, Chapter 21 et seq., Oklahoma Statutes, governing the registration and protection of "Trademarks and Labels."
- Oregon Trademark Law -- Chapter 647, Oregon Revised States, entitled, "Trademarks and Service Marks.
- Rhode Island Trademark Law -- Title 6, Chapter 6-2 of the State of Rhode Island's General Laws, governing the registration and protection of marks.
- Tennessee Trademark Law -- The complete text of the Tennessee Trademark Act of 2000, in Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) format.
- Tennessee Trademark Rules -- The complete text of Chapter 1360-7-1, governing the registratrion and protection of marks.
- Tennessee Trademark Database -- Searchable information concerning registered and pending marks in Tennessee, from the Tennessee Secretary of State.
- Texas Trademark Law -- Chapter 16 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code, concerning the registration of marks, and actions for infringement.
- Texas Trademark Forms -- Trademark registration, renewal, and assignment forms, from the Texas Secretary of State.
- Texas Trademark Database and Online Application Filing -- Through SOSDirect, one may search Texas trademark records, and file Texas trademark applications online. However, one must first set up an account with SOSDirect. A fee is charged for online filings. However, one may review the trademark database at no charge, by opening a temporary account.
- Utah Trademark Law -- Title 70, Chapter 3, of the Utah State Code, encaptioned, "Trademarks and Service Marks.
- Vermont Trademark Law -- The full text of Title 9, Chapter 71, Vermont Statutes, at Section 2521 et seq., governing trademarks.
- Vermont Trademark Database -- Online access to information regarding marks registered in Vermont, from the Vermont Secretary of State.
- Virginia Trademark Law -- The complete text of the Virginia Trademark and Service Mark Act of 1998.
- Washington Trademark Law -- Chapter 19.77 of the Revised Code of Washington, covering trademarks.
- Wisconsin Trademark Law -- Wisconsin Statutes, Chapter 132, Section 132.001 et seq., governing "Trademarks, Badges, and Labelled Products. Note: This file is in Adobe Acrobat format, and you must have the Acrobat Reader to view it! If you do, you will be pleased.
- Wyoming Trademark Law -- Title 40, Chapter 1, governing "Trade and Commerce," including trademarks.
- Wyoming Trademark Database -- The Wyoming Secretary of State offers this searchable database, which combines information concerning trademark registrations, with information concerning corporate names, and fictitious business name filings.
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International Trademark Laws, Rules, Databases, and Treaties
- Andorra's Trademark Law -- The complete text of Andorra's trademark law, from the Oficina De Marques Del Principat D'Andorra. Note: This file is in Adobe Acrobat format, and you must have the Acrobat Reader to view it!
- Andorra Trademark Database -- a searchable database of the Trademark Register, from the Oficina De Marques Del Principat D'Andorra
- Argentine Trademark Law -- The complete text of Argentina's "LEY No. 22.362 -B.O. 2/1/81," governing the registration and protection of marks, from INPI, Instituto Nacional de la Propriedad Industrial.
- Argentinian Trademark Database -- (in Portuguese).
- Australian Trade Marks Act of 1995 -- The complete text, in hypertext form.
- Australian Trade Marks Databases-- Find information concerning registered marks, and pending trademark applications in Australia, courtesy of IP Australia, the Australian Intellectual Property Office.
- Austrian Patent Office -- The official site of the Austrian Patent Office, responsible for administering the patent and trademark laws of Austria. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information on this site, and what information is available is not in English.
- Bahraini Trademark Law -- A summary, from Info-Prod Research (Middle East) Ltd.
- Belarus Trademark Law -- Laws of the Republic of Belarus governing trademarks and service marks, from SoftInform Engineering Co., Ltd.
- Benelux Trademark Information -- Information concerning trademark protection in Benelux, including a summary of trademark laws and regulations, FAQs, and downloadable application forms, courtesy of the Benelux Trademark Office.
- Benelux Trademark Database -- A searchable database of marks registered in Benelux, from 1971 to the present, courtesy of the Benelux Trademark Office.
- Brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property -- Brazilian trademark (and patent) information (largely in Portuguese).
- Brazilian Trademark Database -- A searchable database of registered and pending trademarks in Brazil.
- Bulgarian Trademark Law -- The Law on Marks and Geographical Indications, State Gazette No. 81/99, effective December 15, 2999, courtesy of the Patent Office of Bulgaria.
- Canadian Intellectual Property Office -- Canadian trademark (and patent) information.
- Canadian Trade-Marks Database -- Search the textual version of the Canadian trademark database FREE, courtesy of the Canadian Intellectual Property Office.
- Chilean Trademark Database - in Spanish.
- SIPO -- The State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China -- This site, home to China's Patent and Trademark Office, used to provide a complete English version of China's trademark laws, but the English pages have been removed. The site undoubtedly will remain useful to individuals who read and understand Chinese.
- Chinese Trademark Law -- The text of China's 1982 trademark law, prepared by China Today, "The Law for the People."
- Chinese Trademark Database -- A searchable online database featuring 1.8 million Chinese trademark records, courtesy of the China TradeMark Office [Note: this is a fee-based service].
- Colombian Trademark Database -- Search for registered trademarks in Colombia, free of charge, by registration number, or by mark.
- Croatian Trademark Law -- The complete text of Croatia's trademark law, in English, from Croatia's State Intellectual Property Offiice.
- Cyprus Trademark Law -- A summary of the laws of Cyprus, pertaining to trademarks and service marks, from Lelos P. Demetriadas Law Office.
- Czech Republic Trademark Database -- Information concerning registered marks, and pending applications in the Czech Republic, courtesy of the Industrial Property Office.
- Danish Trademark Law -- A summary, from the Danish Patent and Trademark Office (not in English).
- European Community Trade Mark Law -- Everything you ever wanted to know about Community Trade Marks, from OHIM -- the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market .
- European Community Trademark Rules -- Trademark rules applicable to the European Community Trademark system.
- European Community Trademark Regulations -- Implementing regulations for the European Community Trademark system.
- European Community Trademark Database -- A searchable database of registered Community Trade Marks, and pending applications for CTM registration.
- Estonian Trademark Law -- The complete test of Estonia's 1992 Trademark Act, courtesy of Patendiamet -- The Estonian Patent Office.
- Estonian Trademark Database -- A searchable database of registered marks in Estonia, as well as applications filed since 1992, courtesy of Patendiamet -- The Estonian Patent Office.
- Finland Trademark Database -- A searchable database (in Finnish), of trademarks registered or applied for in Finland, courtesy of the National Board of Patents and Registration.
- French Trademark Database -- A searchable database (in French), of trademarks registered or applied for in France, courtesy of the Institut National De La Propriete Industrielle.
- GATT's Intellectual Property Provisions -- The complete text of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Note: This file is in Adobe Acrobat format, and you must have the Acrobat Reader to view it!
- German Trademark Law -- The complete text of The Law on the Protection of Trademarks and other Signs (German Trademark Act), effective as of January 1, 1995, from NETMARK Internet Trademark Agency.
- German Trademark Database -- A fee-based trademark database containing 770,000 German trademark records, from 1894 to the present.
- Hong Kong Government Intellectual Property Department -- Hong Kong trademark (and patent) information.
- Hong Kong's "New" Trade Mark Laws -- Hong Kong's draft Trademark Registration Bill, designed to replace Hong Kong's present trademark law, the Trade Mark Ordinance, Cap. 43.
- Hungarian Trademark Information -- Trademark information from the Hungarian Patent Office
- Hungarian Trademark Database -- A searchable database of Hungarian trademark registrations (as well as applications filed since 1997), from the Hungarian Patent Office
- Indian Trademark Act -- The complete text of the Indian Trade & Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, with hypertext references, from Lall, Lahiri & Salhotra -- Advocates, Patents & Trade Mark Attorneys.
- Indian Trademark Rules -- The complete text of the Indian Trade & Merchandise Marks Rules, courtesy of the Ministry of Industry, Department of Industrial Development.
- Indonesian Trademark Law -- The complete text of Law No. 19/1992 of August 28, 1992, effective April 1, 1993, courtesy of the Widjojo Intellectual Property Office.
- Indonesian Trademark Database (Alphabetical) -- An alphabetical listing of registered trademarks and pending applications for registration in Indonesia, compiled by the Widjojo Intellectual Property Office.
- International Licensing of Intellectual Property: The Promise and the Peril -- This article, written by Nicholas S. Gikkas, a University of Florida College of Law student, and published in the Journal of Technology Law and Policy, 1 J.Tech.L. & Pol'y 6 (1996), examines the history, rationale, benefits, and dangers, of international trademark licensing, with consideration given to piracy, licensing alternatives, and related topics.
- Iranian Trademark Law -- A summary, from the law offices of Dr. Ali Laghaee & Associates.
- Iraqi Trademark Law -- Summaries of Iraqi trademark registration requirements; a FAQ; and the text of the 1957 Trademark and Indications Law of the Republic of Iraq, prepared by Abu-Ghazaleh Intellectual Property TMP Agents (AGIP), a Jordanian firm, with offices throughout the Middle-East. Note: This file is in Adobe Acrobat format, and you must have the Acrobat Reader to view it!
- Irish Trade Marks Act -- The complete text of the Irish Trade Marks Act of 1996, in hypertext form.
- Irish Trade Mark Rules -- The complete text of the Irish Trade Mark Rules of 1996, in hypertext format.
- Irish Trademark Database -- A searchable database of registered and pending Irish marks, courtesy of the Irish Patents Office.
- Israeli Trademark Law -- An overview, from Eitan, Pearl, Latzer and Cohen-Zedek, an Israeli law firm.
- Israeli Trademark Database -- A searchable online database, covering registered and pending trademarks in Israel, courtesy of the Ministry of Justice. Although the site is in Hebrew, one may enter English word marks in the spaces provided, and obtain English (and Hebrew) results!
- Italian Trademark Law -- A summary.
- Italian Patent and Trademark Office -- General information regarding the trademark (and patent) laws of Italy, from the Italian Patent and Trademark Office.
- Japanese Trademark Law -- the complete text of Law No. 127 of April 13, 1959, pertaining to marks, as last amended on June 12, 1996, courtesy of the Japanese Patent Office
- Japanese Trademark Database -- Conduct trademark searches within Japan's trademark database at this site, sponored by the Japanese Patent Office
- Japanese Trademark Examination Guidelines -- An English translation of the guidelines followed by Examining Attorneys in Japan, when analyzing pending trademark applications, courtesy of the Trademark Division of Japan's Patent Office.
- Jordanian Trademark Law -- The complete text of Law No.33 For The Year 1952, of the The Hashemite Kingdom Of Jordan.
- Jordanian Trademark Law Amendment -- The complete text of Law No. 34 for the year 1999, which amended Jordan's trademark laws. Law No. 34 is applied in conjunction with Law No. 33.
- Jordanian Trademark Database -- Searchable information concerning registered marks in Jordan, courtesy of Jordan's Ministry of Industry and Trade.
- Korean Trademark Law -- The complete text of Korea's trademarks laws, courtesy of KIPO -- The Korean Industrial Property Office.
- Kuwaiti Trademark Law -- A summary, from Info-Prod Research (Middle East) Ltd..
- Lebanese Trademark Law -- A summary, from Info-Prod Research (Middle East) Ltd..
- Lithuanian Trademark Law -- The complete text, in hypertext form, courtesy of the Lithuanian Patent Office.
- Macedonian Trademark Law -- A summary, from the Industrial Property Protection Office of the Republic of Macedonia.
- Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol -- The Madrid system of international trademark registration, from WIPO, the World Intellectual Property Organization. Note: the United States has acceded to the Madrid Protocol, and is expected to begin accepting applications for International Registration on November 2, 2003!
- Madrid Express -- A searchable database of International Registrations issued under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol.
- Moldova's Trademark Laws -- The complete text of the Law on Trademarks and Apellations of Origin of Goods nr. 588/1995, courtesy of AGEPI, the State Agency on Industrial Property Protection of the Republic of Moldova. Note: this file is in Adobe Acrobat format, and you must have the Acrobat Reader to view it!
- Morocco's Trademark Laws -- A summary of the Trade and Industrial Marks Law of the Kingdom of Morocco, prepared by Info-Prod Research (Middle East) Ltd..
- NAFTA's Intellectual Property Provisions -- The complete text, courtesy of Dr. Dobbs.
- Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand (IPONZ) and New Zealand Trademark Database-- New Zealand trademark (and patent) information -- including free trademark searches in the IPONZ database.
- New Zealand Trademark Database (Searchable)! -- Conduct free trademark searches in the IPONZ trademark database!
- Pakistani Trademark Law -- The complete text of Pakistan's Trademark Act of 1940, from Khursheed Khan & Associates.
- Pakistani Trademark Ordinance, 2001 -- The complete text of Pakistan's Trademark Ordinance of 2001, amending the Trademark Act of 1940, courtesty of Khursheed Khan & Associates.
- Panamanian Trademark Law -- Information concerning Panama's New Law on Industrial Property [Law No. 35 of May 10, 1996, which became effective in November, 1996], courtesy of Fabrega, Barsallo, Molino, & Mulino.
- Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property -- The complete text, including the most recent amendments, and a list of member countries.
- Peruvian Intellectual Property Office -- "Guardian of the Peruvian economy."
- Peruvian Trademark Database -- A database with information concerning marks registered in Peru, searchable by registration date or registration number.
- Philippines Trademark Law -- Part III of the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, dealing with trademarks, service marks, and trade names, from the Intellectual Property Office.
- Philippines Trademark Database -- The Philippines Trademark Online Search System (Phil-TM O-Search), from the Intellectual Property Office.
- Qatari Trademark Law -- A summary, from Info-Prod Research (Middle East) Ltd..
- Romanian Trademark Law -- The complete text of Law No. 84/1998 on Marks and Geographical Indications, from OSIM, the Romanian State Office for Inventions and Trademarks.
- Romanian Trademark Regulations -- Regulations for implementing Law No. 84/1998 on Marks and Geographical Indications, including the Rules of Romanain Trademark Practice, from OSIM, the Romanian State Office for Inventions and Trademarks.
- Russian Trademark Database -- A fee-based, subscription-only database of Russian marks, from the Federal Institute of Industrial Property.
- Saudi Arabian Trademark Law -- The complete text of the Trademark Law of Saudi Arabia, approved by Royal Decree No. M/5, dated 4.5.1404H, courtesy of SAM Trademark Agency.
- Singapore Trademark Law -- Everything you need to know about trademarks in Singapore, from IPOS, the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore.
- Slovakian Trademark Law -- Act No. 55 of February 6, 1997, courtesy of the Slovak Republic Industrial Property Office.
- Slovenian Trademark Law -- The complete text of the Law on Industrial Property of March 20, 1992, from the Slovenian Intellectual Property Office.
- Slovenian Trademark Database -- Information concerning registered trademarks, and pending trademark applications in Slovenia, from the Slovenian Intellectual Property Office.
- South African Trademark Law -- A summary of the 1993 Trade Marks Act, No. 194, from Spoor & Fisher, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Spanish Patent and Trademark Office -- Information concerning patent and trademark law and practice in Spain.
- Swedish Patent and Trademark Office -- Trademark information from PRV, the Swedish Patent and Trademark Office.
- Swedish Trademark Database -- an experimental, searchable database, with information concerning many (but not all) marks registered in Sweden, courtesy of PRV.
- Swiss Trademark Law -- The complete texts of Switzerland's trademark protection statutes, in French, Dutch, and Italian.
- Swiss Trademark Database -- A searchable database of marks registered in Switzerland, courtesy of The Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property.
- Swiss Guidelines for Trademark Examination and Oppositions -- published trademark examination guidelines, and information regarding the procedures for opposing trademark applications in Switzerland, courtesy of The Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property.
- Swiss Commercial Gazette -- An online edition of Switzerland's Commercial Gazette, in which marks are published for opposition by interested parties.
- Syrian Trademark Law -- A summary, from Info-Prod Research (Middle East) Ltd..
- Taiwanese Trademark Law -- The complete text, courtesy of St. Island International Patent and Law Office.
- Taiwanese Trademark Rules -- From St. Island International Patent and Law Office.
- Thailand Trademark Law -- Information regarding trademark protection in Thailand, courtesy of the Dej-Udom and Associates.
- Thailand Anti-Counterfeiting Campaigns -- An introduction to legal remedies available against counterfeiters in Taiwan, authored by attorneys at Tilleke & Gibbins, and reprinted by the Thailand Law Forum.
- Trademark Law Treaty -- The complete text, courtesy of WIPO, the World Intellectual Property Organization.
- Tunisian Trademark Law -- The complete text of the laws of the Republic of Tunisia pertaining to marks, along with a discussion of trademark registration requirements, compiled by Info-Prod Research (Middle East) Ltd..
- Turkish Trademark Laws -- A summary, from the Turkish Patent Institute.
- United Arab Emirates Trademark Law -- The complete text of Federal Law No. 37, for 1992, concerning trademarks in the U.A.E., along with a summary thereof.
- United Kingdom Patent Office-- U.K. trademark (and patent) information from the U.K. Patent Office.
- United Kingdom Trade Mark Act (1994)-- The complete text of the Trade Mark Act of 1994, with hypertext links, as compiled by Edward Evans & Co., a London law firm. The 1994 Act replaced the former United Kingdom Trade Mark Act of 1938.
- United Kingdom Trade Mark Rules (1994) -- The implementing regulations for the United Kingdom Trademark Act of 1994, effective October 31, 1994. Compiled by Edward Evans & Co
- United Kingdom Trade Mark Rules (2000) -- The complete text of Statutory Instrument 2000, No. 136, effective February 17, 2000.
- United Kingdom Trade Descriptions Act (1968) -- Laws of the United Kingdom pertaining to false designations, unfair competition, and the like, compiled by Edward Evans & Co.
- United Kingdom Trademark Database-- Obtain status information for pending trademark applications, and details regarding registered marks, at this site, sponsored by the U.K. Patent Office.
- United Kingdom Trademark Forms and Fees -- Download U.K. trademark forms and fee schedules, from the U.K. Patent Office.
- United Kingdom Trademark Decisions -- The complete texts of all trademark decisions issued by the U.K. Patent Office since 1998.
- Vietnamese Trademark Database -- A searchable database of registered and pending trademarks in Vietnam, courtesy of the National Office of Industrial Property.
- Yemeni Trademark Laws -- The complete text of the Republic of Yemen's Law No. 19, of 1994, in Respect of Intellectual Rights, along with a summary of Yemen's trademark registration requirements, compiled by Abu-Ghazaleh Intellectual Property Agents TMP.
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International Trademark Attorneys and Agents
International trademark matters require assistance from local trademark attorneys, in countries where registrations are sought, or where enforcement of trademark rights is desired. GGMARK works with numerous international "associates" to protect trademark rights outside the United States. Although we are not formally affiliated with these firms, they act as our agents in trademark matters, within their respective countries. In some instances, this relationship is reciprocal.
An increasing number of our associates have sites on the World Wide Web, and we are pleased to commend them to you. Note: not all of our associates have Web sites at this time, and accordingly, not all are listed here.
- Argentina -- Sena & Berton Moreno
- Armenia -- Agency Tria Robit
- Australia -- Hodgkinson Old McInnes
- Australia -- Spruson & Ferguson
- Austria -- Sonn, Pawloy, Weinzinger, & Kohler-Pavlik
- Azerbaijan -- Agency Tria Robit
- Belarus -- Agency Tria Robit
- Belgium -- Nauta Dutilh
- Belgium -- Novagraaf
- Belize -- W. H. Courtenay & Co.
- Botswana -- Spoor & Fisher
- Brazil -- Araripe & Associados
- Brazil -- Dannemann, Siemsen, Bigler & Ipanema Moreira
- Bulgaria -- Ofeibea Patent
- Canada -- Gowlings, LaFleur, Henderson, LLP
- Canada -- Ogilvy Renault
- Canada -- Smart & Biggar/Fetherstonhaugh & Co.
- Channel Islands -- Spoor & Fisher Jersey.
- Chile -- Johansson & Langlois.
- China, PRC -- NTD Patent & Trademark Agency Limited.
- Costa Rica -- FAYCAMARK
- Croatia -- Vukmir Law Offices
- Dominican Republic -- Castillo Y Castillo.
- Ecuador -- Romero Arteta Ponce.
- El Salvador -- Romero Pineda & Asociados
- Estonia -- Agency Tria Robit
- European Union -- Hoffmann & Eitle
- European Union -- Kilburn & Strode
- European Union -- Marks & Clerk
- European Union --Tomkins & Co.
- France --Cabinet Michel Moinas
- Georgia -- Agency Tria Robit
- Germany -- Taylor Wessing
- Greece -- Ballas, Pelecanos & Associates
- Guatemala -- Mayora & Mayora
- Hong Kong -- Wenping & Co.
- Hungary -- Godolle, Kekes, Meszaros & Szabo
- India -- Singhania & Co.
- Indonesia -- AM Badar & AM Badar
- Iran -- Dr. Behrooz Akhlaghi and Associates
- Ireland -- FR Kelly & Co.
- Ireland -- Tomkins & Co.
- Israel -- Dr. Shlomo Cohen & Co.
- Italy -- Barzano & Zanardo
- Jamaica -- Myers, Fletcher & Gordon
- Japan -- Nakamura & Partners
- Jordan -- Saba & Co.
- Kazakhstan -- Agency Tria Robit
- Kenya -- Spoor & Fisher Jersey
- Kuwait -- Saba & Co.
- Kyrgyzstan --Agency Tria Robit
- Latvia -- Agency Tria Robit
- Lebanon -- Tyan & Associes
- Lebanon -- Saba & Co.
- Lesotho -- Spoor & Fisher
- Mexico -- Goodrich, Riquelme & Associados
- Namibia -- Spoor & Fisher
- Netherlands-Antilles -- Van Doorne
- New Zealand --Baldwin Shelston Waters
- Nigeria -- Aluko & Oyebode
- Norway -- Onsagers AS
- Norway -- Tandbergs Patentkontor, AS
- Malaysia -- Shook, Lin & Bok
- Moldova -- Agency Tria Robit
- Oman -- Saba & Co.
- Pakistan -- Vellani & Vellani
- Panama -- Arosemena Noriega & Contreras
- Papua New Guinea -- Blake Dawson Waldron
- Peru -- Estudio Luis Echecopar Garcia S.C.R.L.
- Poland -- Kulikowska & Kulikowski
- Qatar -- Saba & Co.
- Russia -- Agency Tria Robit
- Saudi Arabia -- Saba & Co.
- Singapore -- Allen & Gledhill
- Singapore -- Shook Lin & Bok
- Slovak Republic -- Inventa Patent & Trademark Agency
- South Africa -- Spoor & Fisher
- South Korea -- Shin & Kim
- Spain -- Herrero & Asociados, S.L.
- Sudan -- Spoor & Fisher Jersey
- Sweden -- AB Delmar & Co.
- Switzerland -- Moinas & Savoye
- Taiwan -- Lee & Li
- Tajikistan -- Agency Tria Robit
- Thailand -- Tilleke & Gibbins, R.O.P
- Trinidad-Tobago -- Fitzwilliam, Stone, Furness-Smith & Morgan
- Turkmenistan -- Agency Tria Robit
- Ukraine -- Agency Tria Robit
- United Arab Emirates -- Saba & Co.
- United Kingdom -- Forrester Ketley & Co.
- United Kingdom -- Kilburn & Strode
- United Kingdom -- Marks & Clerk
- United Kingdom -- Rouse & Co. International
- Uruguay -- Pittaluga & Associates
- Uzbekistan -- Agency Tria Robit
- Venezuela -- Bolet & Terrero
- Venezuela -- Hoet Peláez Castillo & Duques
- Vietnam -- Pham & Associates
- Zambia -- Spoor & Fisher Jersey
- Zimbabwe -- Spoor & Fisher Jersey
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Trademarks In Cyberspace
- PTO Exam Guide No. 2-99 -- The PTO Examiner's Guide concerning applications seeking the registration of marks comprised, in whole or part, of Internet domain names.
- Trademarks Along the Infobahn -- An excellent discussion of legal issues arising in conflicts between trademarks and Internet domain names, from the April 10, 1995 issue of the Richmond Journal of Law and Technology.
- Trademark Law Lost in Cyberspace: Trademark Protection for Internet Addresses -- A critical reassessment of the application of traditional trademark concepts to issues arising from the global computer network, by Kenneth S. Dueker, as published at 9 Harv. J.L. & Tech 483 (Summer 1996).
- On-line Domain Name Registration -- Register your domain name with VeriSign, one of many entities with which domain names may now be registered.
- ICANN -- ICANN is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, a non-profit corporation that has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the U.S. Department of Commerce concerning the privatization of domain name system management. Details are available at this site.
- ICANN's Universal Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy -- Under the Universal Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy now in effect, most trademark/domain name disputes must be resolved by agreement, litigation, or arbitration. Disputes arising from abusive domain name registrations, as in "cybersquatting," can be addressed in administrative proceedings initiated by a trademark owner, through the filing of a complaint with an "approved dispute-resolution service provider." Details are available at this site.
- Domain Name Rights Coalition -- A nonstock, tax-exempt, 501(c)(6) association, seeking "equitable, consistent, and responsible domain name policies from the National Science Foundation, and Network Solutions, Inc."
- WIPO Internet Domain Name Process-- The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has undertaken an international process to develop recommendations concerning trademark issues associated with Internet domain names, including issues pertaining to the resolution of domain name disputes. Information regarding this process is available at this site.
- IIP Policy Gateway -- A searchable compilation of links to Internet-related infrastructure topics (including trademark topics), from the Harvard Information Infrastructure Project.
- Chilling Effects Clearninghouse -- A joint project of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the law school clinics of Harvard, Berkley, the University of San Francisco, and the University of Maine, devoted to the impact of intellectual property and First Amendment rights on various online activitites. The site includes a searchable database of cease and desist letters dispatched to Web site proprietors, and encourages respect for intellectual property rights, while guarding against their use to "chill" legitimate speech.
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On-line Journals With Trademark Topics
- Berkeley Technology Law Journal -- A continuation of the High Technology Law Journal, compiled and published twice annually by students from the Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California at Berkeley.
- Harvard Journal of Law and Technology -- Harvard's intellectual property law home page. Ver Ri Tas.
- Intellectual Property Law -- General intellectual property law information from the Chicago-Kent College of Law.
- The Journal of Online Law -- Scholarly essays concerning law and online communications, from the William and Mary School of Law.
- PTO Today -- The December, 2000 issue of the PTO's online journal, discussing trademarks, patents, and PTO practice. Note: this file is in Adobe Acrobat format, and you must have the Acrobat Reader to view it!
- Richmond Journal of Law and Technology -- Web-home of the RJLT, a pioneer in the provision of law journal content, on-line.
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Organizations Concerned About Marks
- AIPLA -- The American Intellectual Property Law Association, an organization devoted primarily to patent, trademark, and copyright issues, with a definite, "patent-heavy" focus.
- ABA Section on Intellectual Property Law -- The intellectual property division of the American Bar Association.
- BNEF -- The Brand Names Educational Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing "worldwide knowledge of the nature, purpose, and value of brands, and the responsibilities associated with their use."
- DC Bar Intellectual Property Law Section -- The intellectual property law section of the District of Columbia Bar. The site includes Section newsletters, contact information, and a schedule of upcoming programs and events.
- ECTA -- The European Communities Trade Marks Association is an organization for European practitioners before the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM), in the field of trade marks and of industrial designs.
- INTA® -- The International Trademark Association, possibly the largest and most influential organization in the world devoted exclusively to trademarks, and trademark law. INTA® is a terrific organization, with great written publications, and an even greater membership.
- IPO (Intellectual Property Owners)-- An association dedicated to trademark, copyright, and patent "owners."
- ITMA -- The Institute of Trade Mark Agents, a professional organization for trademark agents in the United Kingdom, dedicated to promoting the importance of registering marks.
- International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition ("IACC") -- A multinational organization devoted solely to the combat of product counterfeiting and piracy.
- Japan Intellectual Property Association -- A private, non-profit organization, dedicated to encouraging its member businesses to make full use of intellectual property laws, while endeavoring to improve those laws.
- LSBA Section on Intellectual Property Law -- The intellectual property law section of the Louisiana State Bar Association.
- MARQUES -- The Association of European Trademark Owners, assisting members in the selection, management, and protection of marks, and advancing the interests of trademark owners in Europe.
- MIPLA -- The Minnesota Intellectual Property Law Association, a non-profit affiliate of the Minnesota State Bar, promoting the development of intellectual property law.
- State Bar of Texas Intellectual Property Law Section -- The Intellectual Property Law Section of the State Bar of Texas, with more than 1700 members.
- World Intellectual Property Organization ("WIPO") -- The intellectual property arm of the United Nations.
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Trademark Support Services
- Thomson & Thomson -- Comprehensive trademark searching and watching services from the company that helped develop the PTO's internal trademark database. This site contains information about these services, and a wealth of material concerning U.S. and international marks.
- CORSEARCH, Inc. -- Another fine purveyor of comprehensive trademark research, including full trademark availability searches, federal searches, state searches, knock-out searches, and watching services, for the trademark professional or large corporation.
- Government Liason Services, Inc. -- A full-service trademark searching and research firm, known for its personalized, hands-on research.
- Questel-Orbit -- An online trademark (and patent) research firm, offering subscribers an impressive array of databases with trademark, patent, and related technical information. The company's site is slow-loading, but attractive, and provides access to subscription content, as well as IP News, editorials, and other resources, free of charge.
- Trademark.com -- A low-cost, self-service, online trademark searching service, which provides 12-hour access to federal trademark databases. An excellent way to pre-screen a proposed mark. However, such searches cannot be relied upon to determine whether a mark is available for adoption, use, and registration.
- TMDS -- A "top three" provider of low-cost trademark watching services since 1942.
- FAXPAT, Inc. -- A trademark (and patent) research service, FAXPAT will obtain copies of trademark file histories and other official documents; perform trademark-related research services, and deliver the results by telephone, fax, or e-mail. GGMARK uses FAXPAT's services, and generally is satisfied with the results!
- OPSolutions, Inc. -- Web home to PATTSY®, the ultimate trademark docketing system for law firms and corporations responsible for tracking global trademark portfolios.
- Computer Patent Annuities Limited Partnership ("CPA") -- CPA is a leading provider of intellectual property service solutions, best known for its trademark (and patent) annuity service, used by law firms and trademark administrators to handle the renewal of trademark registrations, worldwide. Once a trademark porfolio is placed in CPA's care, the company will ensure that renewal deadlines are met, and that the necessary fees are paid. The company provides an excellent service for those who prefer to outsource trademark renewal tasks.
- Master Data Center (MDC) -- Another leading provider of trademark annuity services, and the creator of IP Master, a competitive trademark docketing program.
- Master-McNeil, Inc. -- Product and corporate naming services, worldwide.
- NameTrade -- Experts in commercial naming.
- Brand Institute -- The (self-proclaimed) largest brand naming corporation in the U.S.
- Markwatch -- An Ohio-based trademark watching service that monitors the Internet for adverse uses of marks, in exchange for an annual fee, paid by the trademark owner.
- DAKATEC Patent Drafting Service -- When marks include (or consist of) a logo, and a registration is desired for the logo design, special drawings are sometimes required. Dakatec is a Clarksville, Ohio, firm, specializing in the preparation of trademark (and patent) drawings.
- U.S. Patent Certificate, Inc. -- Once you've obtained your trademark registration, you may wish to commemorate with a product from this site. U.S. Patent Certificate, Inc. will reproduce your registration on a distinctive plaque. Several styles are available, including "Traditional," "Laser-Etched," and "Deep-Etched."
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General Intellectual Property Resources
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Intellectual Property, Computers, And The Internet
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Copyrights And Copyright Law
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Advertising, Trade, Unfair Competition And Trade Secret Law Resources
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Anarchy, Intellectual Property, And The Public Domain
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